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The internal divisions of the School became apparent in the post-war era. While Adorno and Horkheimer retreated into aesthetic theory and pessimism, a "second generation" emerged under Jürgen Habermas. As Wiggershaus details in the latter sections of his history, Habermas sought to rescue the project of modernity. He moved away from the "philosophy of the subject" (consciousness) toward a theory of communicative action, arguing that rationality is not solely instrumental but is inherent in human communication. This shifted the Frankfurt School's focus from a critique of domination to a reconstruction of democracy and the public sphere.

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Unlike shorter histories, this book dedicates significant space to the "second generation" of the school, meticulously charting how Habermas altered the trajectory of Critical Theory toward communicative action. 🧠 Core Themes Covered in the Book

Sob a liderança inicial de Carl Grünberg e, posteriormente, a consolidação de Max Horkheimer em 1931, o Instituto nasceu com o objetivo de renovar o Marxismo. Wiggershaus detalha como Horkheimer articulou a união entre a filosofia especulativa e as ciências empíricas (como a economia de Friedrich Pollock e a psicanálise de Erich Fromm) para criar a . Excelente fonte para trabalhos baseados na obra de

Many academic publishers offer free PDF downloads of critical texts if you log in using your institutional credentials (Shibboleth or OpenAthens).

If you cannot secure a copy of Wiggershaus's book immediately, several foundational texts and summaries are completely open-access and legally free. As Wiggershaus details in the latter sections of

Wiggershaus não se limita à teoria; ele mostra a teoria surgiu da necessidade de entender a ascensão do nazismo, o capitalismo avançado e a crise da razão.

The Internet Archive often holds digital copies of The Frankfurt School available for "controlled digital lending." You can borrow the book for free in your browser or download a secure PDF version for a limited period.

The School is best known for , which Wiggershaus defines as an interdisciplinary approach aimed at social emancipation. Key concepts include: