class A: pass class B(A): pass class C(A): pass class D(B, C): pass print(D.__mro__) # Output: ( , , , , ) Use code with caution. Cooperative Multiple Inheritance
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
In the above example, the BankAccount class encapsulates the account_number and balance attributes and provides public methods to access and modify them. python 3 deep dive part 4 oop
Methods in Python are just functions defined inside a class, but how they behave depends entirely on how they are accessed. Functions vs. Bound Methods
: Looks at the metaclass= keyword argument, or inherits from parent classes. class A: pass class B(A): pass class C(A):
: Understand how super() works in complex inheritance.
Months later, Lina's library system hummed in production. The code was readable, well-tested, and adapted easily to new media types. She learned that OOP in Python is a set of practical tools: classes and objects map concepts; composition and small interfaces keep code flexible; special methods make types behave like built-ins; and dataclasses plus typing make intent explicit. Functions vs
class A: def process(self): print("A") class B(A): def process(self): print("B") class C(A): def process(self): print("C") class D(B, C): pass obj = D() obj.process() # Output: B Use code with caution. Inspecting the MRO
class Plugin(metaclass=PluginMeta): @abstractmethod def run(self): pass
: Disables the __get__ descriptor modification entirely, ensuring the function remains a plain, unaltered function object. 5. Metaclasses: The Creators of Classes